Astrosociology Research Institute (ARI)

The original Nonprofit Public Benefit Corporation dedicated to the development of astrosociology TM

Go to the ARI Home Page Go to the About ARI page Go to the ARI Projects page

Go to the Education and Outreach page

Go to the ARI Resources page Go to Donation Options page Go to the Links page Go to the Membership / Support page Go to the Virtual Library page Go to The Journal of Astrosociology page Go to the Contact / Feedback page
ARI:  understanding "space and society" from a grounded perspective... TM      /        World Wide Web     Astrosociology.org


ARI's

Calendar of Significant Events

History of Astrosociology

(Click on one of the links above for page navigation)

 

(Calendar section last updated on:  05/16/2018)

(History section last updated on:  05/16/2018)

 

The information provided below serves as both a history of astrosociology as related to this website and a calendar of events occurring in the future.  Members, supporters, and visitors may take advantage of this information to get a good sense of how much progress exists as time passes, but also for learning of updates for new events or accomplishments as well.  (Events are listed in reverse chronological order).

The Calendar of Significant Events consists of activities taking place in the future.  After an event occurs or it is no longer important, it is removed from the calendar.  If the removed item represents a significant milestone, the event is moved to the History of Astrosociology section as a permanent entry.

While both the calendar and historical events listed below correspond most strongly to this website, everyone is encouraged to submit contributions for consideration as new entries in order to keep the astrosociological community as informed as possible.

 


Send your comments and potential entries to the email addresses below.

Upcoming Events:

Historical Entries:


Calendar of Significant Events
(Check this section for upcoming conferences and events -- including Calls for Papers)
Note: Many links below will become broken over time).

Go to Top     Go to the History Section
 

Date

Name and
Location of   
the Event

Event Details /
Pertinent Information

Links /
Comments

Ongoing (Quarter
 System)

Introduction to Astrosociology Course
(KSU PSY 8120)


Taught via the web

This is the first astrosociology course ever taught began on April 5, 2010.  Dr. Jim Pass teaches "Introduction to Astrosociology" (KSU PSY 8120), a master's-level online course at Kepler Space University.  It is designed as a survey of the major topics that comprise this developing field.  The focus is on the human dimension of outer space!

Go to the site:

KSU "About Us" Page

April 2011
[Ongoing]

Astropolitics:  The International Journal of Space Politics & Policy

Special Issue on Astrosociology
(Volume 9,
Issue 1)

(See Virtual Library for details)

Articles in the special issue:

"Special Issue Introduction" / Christopher M. Hearsey; Jim Pass
"Examining the Definition of Astrosociology" / Jim Pass

"The Nexus between Law and Astrosociology" / Christopher M. Hearsey
"Defining Astrosociology from a Science Fiction Perspective" / Simone Caroti
"Space Exploration and Folk Beliefs on Climate Change" / Virgilu Pop
"The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence:  Astrosociology and Cultural Aspects" / Albert A. Harrison
"Living in Space:  Cultural and Social Dynamics, Opportunities, and Challenges in Permanent Space Habitats" / David Lempert

Informaworld Order Page:

Order Here!

 May
24-27,
2018

International Space Development Conference
(ISDC 2018)

Sheraton Gateway Hotel

Los Angeles, CA

ARI CEO Dr. Jim Pass will present in the Space Settlements session at the International Space Development Conference on Sunday, May 27. His presentation will focus on the history of the field of astrosociology and the Astrosociology Research Institute, including a focus on space settlement. Dr. Pass' abstract is available via the link to the right.

Go to the site:

ISDC Home Page

Go to the site:

ISDC Abstract

 

 

[end of Calendar section]

 


History of Astrosociology

Go to Top     Go to the Calendar Section

(Note:   links for many of the specific events will become invalid over time).

Date

Name and
Location of   
the Event

Event Details /
Pertinent Information

Links /
Comments

January,
07-11,
2019

AIAA Science and Technology Forum (AIAA SciTech 2019)

Manchester Grand Hyatt Hotel

San Diego, CA

Jim Pass, ARI CEO, presented his paper called "Exo-Astrosociology and the Search for Technosignatures" at SciTech 2019. The session was called "SAT-01, Society and Aerospace Technology" and took place on Wednesday, January 9 starting at 2:30 pm. Dr. Pass discussed the social, behavioral, psychological, and cultural implications resulting from the search for extraterrestrial intelligent species and their societies. An important aspect of his presentation is the idea that astrosociology (which includes the social and behavioral sciences, humanities, and arts) is both complementary and necessary for the discovery of ET societies. He will also refer to the aftermath and later after-effects among individuals, human categories, and social groups, and entire societies. How will international relations change?

AIAA SciTech 2019:

Go to the site:

SciTech 2019 Page

April
06 - 08, 2018

Contact Conference

The Domain Hotel

Sunnyvale, CA

ARI Officer Michael Waltemathe presented a joint talk covering ARI's 10th Anniversary, which includes a discussion about astrosociology subfields, and a focus on astrosociology and religion.

Go to the site:

Contact Home Page

September 12 - 14, 2017

AIAA Space and Aeronautics Forum and Exposition
(Space 2017)

Hyatt Regency Orlando

Orlando, FL (USA)

ARI Officer Michale Waltemathe offered to present a paper for CEO Jim Pass titled "Astrosociology Education..." Unforturnately, the event was cancelled due to the danger imposed by Hurricane Irma. Fortunately, the AIAA decided to accept all papers even though no presentations were made.

The paper will be available at no cost on the Virtual Library page soon.

Go to the site:

Space 2017 Page

September 07 - 10, 2017

20th Mars Society Convention 2017

University of California, Irvine

Irvine, CA (USA)

Jim Pass participated in a panel called "Social and Philosopical Implications of Mars." The other panelists included Paul Davies, Bishop James Heiser, and Gregory Benford. Dr. Pass covered for Officer Michael Waltermathe and led the discussion, which was recorded (see link to the right). A copy is also available in the ARI Virtual Libarary.

View the Panel Discussion:

Panel Video

September 13 - 16, 2016

AIAA Space and Aeronautics Forum and Exposition (Space 2016)

Long Beach Convention Center

Long Beach, CA (USA)

Jim Pass presented a paper titled "Albert A. Harrison: Outer Space, The Human Dimension, and Outer Space." As strongly inferred by the title, this tribute to Dr. Harrison's legacy touches on his contributions to the social-scientific approach to space education and research as well as their impact on helping to lay a solid foundation for the establishment of astrosociology.

It will be available at no cost on the Virtual Library page in October.

Go to the site:

Space 2016 Page

January 4 - Jan. 8, 2016

AIAA Science and Technology Forum and Exposition
(SciTech 2016)

Manchester Grand Hyatt San Diego

San Diego, CA (USA)

Jim Pass presented a paper titled "Medical Astrosociology and Space Medicine: Bringing Together the Two Branches of Science." The theme of the paper was the benefits that can occur if the physical/natural sciences and the social sciences/humanities/arts collaborated on a formal basis. The bringing together of space medicine and medical astrosociology will undoubtedly produce synergistic outcomes impossible by either branch of science alone.

Go to the site:

SciTech 2016 Page

Oct. 29 - Nov. 1, 2015

100 Year Starship Symposium 2015

Santa Clara Marriott

Santa Clara, CA

Jim Pass made a presentation about deviance in spacecraft on long-duration missions and in space societies. Michael Waltemathe discussed issues regarding various aspects of astrotheology, the relationship between space and theology.

Go to the site:

100 Year Starship Symposium Page

 

August 31 - Sept. 02, 2015

Space 2015
(AIAA Space and Astronautics Forum & Expedition)

Pasadena Convention Center

Pasadena, CA

Jim Pass participated in a Space and Society session (HSP-03). His technical paper and presentation was entitled "Astrosociology and the Planning of Space Ecosystems." It took place on September 2 at 4:00 pm in Room 208 at the Pasadena Convention Center.

Go to the site:

AIAA Space 2015 Conference Page

September
18-21,
2014

100YSS 2014 Public Symposium

Hilton of the Americas

Houston, TX (USA)

Dr. Kathleen Toerpe is an ARI officer, Board Member, and Executive Editor of The Journal of Astrosociology. Dr. Toerpe also leads the 100 Year Starship’s Education Special Interest Group, creating educational projects and programs furthering interest and enthusiasm for interstellar travel and STEAM studies among children, youth, and college students. She also served as chair of the Interstellar Education track at the Symposium.

Go to the site:

100 Year Starship Symposium Page

August
04-07,
2014

Space 2014
(AIAA Space and Astronautics Forum & Expedition)


Manchester Grand Hyatt San Diego

San Diego, CA (USA)

Jim Pass, ARI CEO and member of the Board of Directors, made a presentation called "Astrosociology and Its Subfields: A Preliminary Guide for Students Who Wish to Pursue the Field" on behalf of the Astrosociology Research Institute. The session was called "Space Policy, Law, and Society" (HSP-02) and took place in the Ocean Beach Room on Wednesday, August 06, 2014 at 10:00 pm.

Go to the site:

AIAA Space 2014 Conference Page

June
20-21,
2014

The Second Space Conference 2014

Renaissance Orlando Airport Hotel

Orlando, FL (USA)

Simone Caroti, an ARI officer and member of the Board of Directors, made a presentation called "Generation Starship: Conception and Actuality" on behalf of the Astrosociology Research Institute.

Go to the site:

2nd Space Conference 2014 Page

May
29-31,
2014

Second Manfred Lachs International Conference on Global Space Governance 2014

Omni-Mont Royal Hotel

Montreal, Canada

Presentation of paper entitled "Astrosociology and Inequality in Global Space Governance" by Jim Pass, Kathleen Toerpe, Renato Rivera Rusca, Katrina Jackson, and Christopher Hearsey was presented by Renato Rivera Rusca.

Renato Rivera Rusca also made an individual presentation entitled.

Go to the site:

2nd Manfred Lachs International Conference on Global Space Governance 2014 page

May
14 - 18,
2014

International Space Development Conference (ISDC) 2014

Sheraton Gateway Los Angeles Hotel

Los Angeles, CA

Jim Pass participated in a panel discussion focusing on Astro-Humanism. Dr. Pass' contributions centered on the social-structural and cultural forces of social change that may transform societies from space-capable forms of today to spacefaring societies in the future.

Dr. Pass also gave a second presentation about "The Relevance of Astrosociology in 2014."

Go to the site:

ISDC 2014 Page

March
21 - 23,
2014

Contact Conference 2014

Domain Hotel / SETI Institute

Sunnyvale, CA

Jim Pass and Kathleen Toerpe participated in a panel discussion organized by Dr. Pass focusing on Social Science Space Education and Research.

Dr. Toerpe also spoke about "Creating a Contact-Ready Earth" in another presentation. Both presentations were well received, though Dr. Toerpe's talk generated a really good discussion.

Go to the site:

Contact Conference 2014 Page

January
13 - 17,
2014

AIAA SciTech 2014

Gaylord National

National Harbor, MD

Presentations were cancelled due to illness...

Go to the site:

SciTech 2014 Page

September
19 - 22,
2013

100 Year Starship 2013 Public Symposium

Hyatt Regency Downtown

Houston, TX

Officer Kathleen Toerpe made a presentation co-authored by Jim Pass. The presentation was entitled "Space Education and Exploration: Astrosociology in the Classroom." Paper to follow...

Go to the site:

100YSS 2013 Page

September
10 - 12,
2013

AIAA Space 2013

San Diego Convention Center

San Diego, CA

The SAT-TC provided sessions. Officer Renato Rivera Rusca made a presentation about the state of the space industry in Japan.

Go to the site:

Space 2013 Page

January
07 - 10,
2013

AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting (ASM 2013)

Gaylord Texan Hotel and Convention Center

Grapevine, TX

The astrosociology session/Space and Society sessions: details to follow...

Go to the site:

ASM 2013 Page

September
11 - 13,
2012

AIAA Space 2012 Conference & Exposition

Convention Center
Pasadena, CA

A paper by Jim Pass and Chris Hearsey entitled "Astrosociological Concepts in the Study of Deviance, Law, and Social Control in Space Ecosystems" was included in the Space and Society session.  The presentation by Dr. Pass went well.  Good discussion afterwards...

Go to the site:

Space 2012 Page

March 30 -
April 1, 2012

Contact 2012 Conference
"Cultures of the Imagination"

Domain Hotel
Sunnyvale, CA

The SETI Institute
Mountain View, CA
(Friday sessions only)

The Contact Conference brings together social and behavioral scientists, physical scientists, natural scientists, science fiction authors, and many others in an informative and entertaining interdisciplinary meeting that allows for the transfer of knowledge across disciplines.

Jim Pass delivered a presentation regarding medical astrosociology.  Many other interesting presentations took place on a surprisingly diverse set of topics listed in the program (see the abstract page for details).  The program included talks by members of the SETI Institute:  Frank Drake, Jill Tarter, and Seth Shostak.

Go to the site:

Contact Conference Home Page

Go to the site:

Abstract

Cancelled for 2012

February 29 - March 2, 2012

SPESIF 2012
   4th Symposium on    Astrosociology

University of Maryland,
College Park, MD

The 4th Symposium on Astrosociology was postponed until 2013.

 
January 9-12, 2012

50th Annual Aerospace Sciences Meeting (ASM) (Including The New Horizons Forum Aerospace Exposition)

Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center
Nashville, Tennessee

There were two major sessions related to astrosociology at ASM 2012.

1) Space & Society Session / Monday, January 9, 2012
Chair:  Christopher Hearsey

0830 hrs.  "The Astrosociological Paradigm:  The Interplay between Environments and Ecologies" / C. Hearsey and J. Pass

0900 hrs. "Spaceflight and Science Fiction" / G. Landis

0930 hrs. "Key Factors to Achieve Maturity in Safety Management Under a Safety Management System (SMS) / G. Fuentes

2) Delta Forum:  Innovation: Law as an Essential Ally (Two Panels) / Thursday 12, 2012

Law as an Instrument Enabling Space Systems Innovation / Moderator:  J. Rendleman
Panelists:  M. Kleiman, H. Hertzfeld, and E. Sadeh

Law as an Instrument Enabling Human Commercial Spaceflight / Moderator:  C. Hearsey
Panelists:  P.J.  Blount, R. McMurry, and Mark Sundahl

Go to the site:

ASM Home Page

  September 27 - 29,
2011

AIAA Space 2011 Conference & Exposition

Convention Center
Long Beach, CA

 

The Astrosociology Subcommittee -- part of the Society, Space & Technology Technical Committee -- held an astrosociology session during the conference.  Presentations included the following:

(1) Calculating the Benefits of NASA Technology Transfer:  Risks and Rewards (D. Lochney, C. Glass, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC.

(2) Space Policy:  Intergenerational Ethics, Economics, and U.S. Space Programs (G. Autry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA).

(3) Astrosociology and Human Factors:  Antagonistic, Independent, or Convergent?  (J. Pass, Astrosociology Research Institute, Huntington Beach, CA).

Go to the page:

Space 2011 Home

Cancelled for 2011

(April
1-3,
2011)

Contact Conference 2011

Cal Poly Pomona
Kellogg Center
Pomona, CA

Jim Pass was to deliver a presentation regarding medical astrosociology, along with the many other interesting topics scheduled.

The Contact Conference is slated to resume in 2012.

Go to the site:

Contact Conference Home

September 2,
2010

SPESIF 2011
   3rd Symposium on    Astrosociology

University of Maryland,
College Park, MD

The Space, Propulsion & Energy Sciences International Forum (SPESIF) included the 3rd Symposium on Astrosociology.  

More information to follow...

Go to the site:

SPESIF Home Page

August 30-
September 2,
2010

AIAA Space 2010 Conference & Exposition

Convention Center
Anaheim, CA

The Astrosociology Subcommittee, under the technical committee called "Society and Aerospace Technology" (SAT-TC), had one session dedicated to astrosociological topics called "Astrosociology and Interactions with Society."  One paper directly related to astrosociology was entitled "Refining the Definition of Astrosociology Utilizing Three Perspectives" written by Jim Pass, Chris Hearsey, and Simone Caroti.  This session took place on Monday, August 30, 2010.

Go to the site:

Space 2010 Home

April 5,
2010
through
August 5,
2010

First Astrosociology Course Ever Taught

The first astrosociology course ever taught began on April 5, 2010.  Dr. Jim Pass began teaching "Introduction to Astrosociology" (KSU PSY 8120), a master's-level course online at Kepler Space University.  It is designed as a survey of the major topics that comprise this developing field.  This great opportunity represents astrosociology's first major encroachment into academia!

The next quarter begins in early June, 2010.

Go to the site:

Kepler Space University

March
26-28,
2010

Contact Conference 2010

NASA Ames Research Center
Mountain View, CA

This was a wonderful conference once again that included presenters and audience members from a wide variety of backgrounds.  Albert A. Harrison was the keynote speaker this year, and he did an excellent job as always.

Jim Pass updated the conference attendees regarding ARI's activities and those of supporters with his remarks about "The Progress of Astrosociology."

Go to the site:

Contact Conf. Home

February
23-25,
2010
(revised)

Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum
(SPESIF 2010)


Johns Hopkins Univ.
Applied Physics Lab.
Laurel, MD

The program for the SPESIF 2010 conference included the 2nd Symposium on Astrosociology -- and provided a great opportunity for every astrosociology supporter to participate in an event we can contribute to shaping our field.  Many presenters chose to write a paper, though it was required.  Accepted papers were published as part of the conference proceedings.  Even those who present only had to submit an abstract to:

          abstracts2010@ias-spes.org

Sessions within the astrosociology symposium focused on some of the most central themes of astrosociology, including:  (1) The Definition, Scope, and Relevance of Astrosociology; (2) Astrosociology in the Classroom; (3) Space Policy and Space Law in a Societal Context; (4) The Relationship between Astrosociology and Astrobiology (and SETI); (5) Planetary Defense and Societal Protection; (6) Space Societies / The Settlement of Space Environments; (7) Technology Transfers and Spinoffs; and (9) Medical Astrosociology.

Abstract Deadline:  August 15, 2009 (extended)
                                   (closed)

Go to the site/document:

Preliminary Astrosociology Schedule

SPESIF 2010 Home
(includes important information on the author page)

Review the Call for Papers pages:

Official Call for Papers

ARI Call for Abstracts

January
05-08,
2010

48th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting (ASM)

Orlando, FL

The ASM program includes one session that involved the Astrosociology Subcommittee that was entitled the Astrosociology Student Forum.  It turned out to be a very good interaction between presenters and audience members.

Go to the site:

ASM Page

Read the Call for Papers:

Call for Papers Brochure

September
14-17,
2009

Space 2009
Conference and Exposition (AIAA)

Pasadena , CA

We held one major session:  Space Law and Policy.  Additionally, Jim Pass presented a paper on medical astrosociology and ethics in the Interactions with Society session (also sponsored by the Society and Aerospace Technology Technical Committee (SAT-TC), the parent TC of the Astrosociology Subcommittee).

Abstract Deadline:  February 2, 2009
                                   (closed)

Go to the site:

Space 2009 Site

April 8-11,
2009

Pacific Sociological Association (PSA) Meeting

San Diego, CA

The theme for the PSA conference this year is "The Shifting Foundations of Inequality."

We have one session this year:  "Bringing Outer Space into the Sociology Classroom via Astrosociology."  We were a late addition to the program.  The merits of astrosociology as an academic field were discussed.

Go to the site:

Home Page

Go to the site:

Call for Papers

April 3-5,
2009

Contact Conference

NASA Ames Research
     Center
Mountain View, CA

The Contact Conference:  Cultures of the Imagination...

In 2009, Jim Pass made a ten minute presentation at the conference.  He allocated the remaining fifteen minutes to Dr. Yvonne Clearwater of Ames Research Center.  Dr. Clearwater discussed issues consistent with her support of astrosociology.

Go to the site:

Home Page

Go to the site:

The 2009 Program

February
24-26,
2009
(revised)

Space, Propulsion and Energy Sciences International Forum
(SPESIF 2009)


Von Braun Center
Huntsville, AL

The program for the SPESIF 2009 conference included the 1st Symposium on Astrosociology -- and provided a great opportunity for every astrosociology supporter to participate in an event we can shape our new field.  It was an unqualified success!

Sessions within the astrosociology symposium focused on some of the central themes of astrosociology, including:  (1) The Definition, Scope, and Relevance of Astrosociology; (2) Astrosociology in the Classroom; (3) Space Policy and Space Law in a Societal Context; (4) The Relationship between Astrosociology and Astrobiology (and SETI); (5) Planetary Defense and Societal Protection; (6) Space Societies / The Settlement of Space Environments; (7) Technology Transfers and Spinoffs; (8) Spacefaring Societies; and (9) Medical Astrosociology.

Abstract Deadline:  August 15, 2008
                                   (closed)

                                  
(See link to the right).

Go to the site:

SPESIF 2009 Home

Go to the Call for Papers page:

Astrosociology CFP
(includes link to the abstract submission form)

January
05-08,
2009

47th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting (ASM)

Orlando, FL

ASM moved to Orlando from its traditional home in Reno, NV.  The theme for the conference is Advancing the Science of Flight Technology.

The ASM program included three panel sessions involving the Astrosociology Working Group (AWG): (1) Aerospace and Disaster Relief in the 21st Century; (2) Astrosociology Student Forum I; and (3) Astrosociology Student Forum II.  The latter two sessions involved students relating their experiences in space-related programs in relation to exposure (or non-exposure) to social science perspectives.  The students did so well during the latter two sessions that we plan to make the Astrosociology Student Forum an annual event at ASM.  Next year, ASF will be structured as paper session.  Abstracts are welcome -- send them to Dr. Pass.

Go to the site:

ASM Page

Read the Call for Papers:

Call for Papers Brochure

December
09-11,
2008

Aerospace Technology
Working Group (ATWG)

Meeting

NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA

ATWG held a meeting at NASA's Ames Research Center.  Go to their site for more information about attending, including registration fees and hotel accommodations for future events.  Jim Pass will present an "Astrosociology Update," supplementing his comments given at their 2006 meeting in Dallas.  Additionally, Dr. Pass and many of the other authors of chapters in the new book called Living in Space were available for discussions of their work.

Go to the site:

ATWG Home Page

September 29 - October 03, 2008

59th International Astronautical Congress (IAC)

Glasgow, Scotland

The chairman of the IAC, Sir Martin Sweeting, described the conference this way:

"IAC 2008 will provide an international focus for the global space industry, academic researchers and students worldwide through the presentation of the latest ideas, current activities and future ambitions across a diverse range of space-related topics."  (Source URL:  http://www.iac2008.co.uk/sitesia.aspx/page/112/node/112/l/en-us).

Several astrosociology supporters participated in the program, though we had no sessions dedicated specifically to astrosociology this year.

Go to the site:

IAC 2008 Home Page

September
09-11,
2008

Space 2008
Conference and Exposition (AIAA)

San Diego , CA

The Astrosociology Working Group (AWG) along with its parent, the Society and Aerospace Technology Technical Committee (SAT TC) of the AIAA, was given approval to begin the process of organizing the Space History and Society Track (in conjunction with the Space History Technical Committee).  Five of the seven approved sessions for this track directly involved astrosociological issues.  Topics included space societies, astrobiology and astrosociology, the development of astrosociology, and the Overview Effect.

The Call for Papers (CFP) brochure (see link to the right) provides the details about both the space history and the astrosociology portions of the track.

Abstract Deadline:  February 28, 2008
                                   (closed).


Result:  All five astrosociology sessions drew a good audience size and a high level of interaction with the audience members.  The high interest in bringing in the social sciences among mostly traditional members of the space community speaks well for astrosociology's continued development.

Go to the site:

Space 2008 Page

View the Call for Papers (CFP):

View the CFP

Go to the TC Page:

SAT TC Page

Go to the Program:

(link to follow...)

August
01-04,
2008

103rd Annual American Sociological Association (ASA) Meeting

Boston, MA

Theme:  "Worlds of Work"

Unfortunately, there were no astrosociology-related events slated for this year's meeting.

Our latest request for a special session on astrosociology was rejected for 2009 as well, so we will try again for 2010.  In the interim, check for regional meeting announcements for 2009 (regarding the California Sociological Assoc., the Pacific Sociological Assoc., and Canadian Sociological Assoc.).

Go to the site:

ASA 2008 Meeting Home Page

June
03-06,
2008

Canadian Sociological Association (CSA) Meeting

Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

An astrosociology session chaired by supporter Ken Duffy (ABD) was approved.  It was entitled Astrosociology:  Sociological Examination of Space Medicine, Travel, Habitation, and Deep Space Exploration.  

Abstract Deadline:  January 15, 2008
                             (closed).

Go to the site:

Canadian Sociological Association Home Page

June 5,
2008

Astrosociology Research Institute (ARI) website

(n/a)

The first version of the website for the Astrosociology Research Institute (ARI) was posted on the web.  ARI serves as a California nonprofit public benefit corporation with its 501(c)3 status pending with the IRS as of this date.  ARI was incorporated on 5/19/08.

Astrosociology.org replaces Astrosociology.com as the official website...

May 29 - June 1,
2008

National Space Society (NSS) International Space Development Conference
(ISDC 2008).

Washington, D.C.

This year's theme was "The New Pace of Space."

We obtained approval for an astrosociology track consisted of eight 30-minute time slots.  It proved to be another informative grouping of presentations.

Call for Abstracts:  closed

Go to the site:

ISDC 2008 Website

Post Abstracts/Papers :

ISDC 2008 Program
(including the astrosociology track)

May 3,
2008

The 5th Annual AIAA Southern California Aerospace Systems & Technology Conf.
(SoCal ASAT)

Santa Ana, CA

Jim Pass made a presentation again this year at SoCal ASAT called Space Exploration and Settlement:  Incorporating Astrosociology for a More Comprehensive Understanding.

Go to the site:

SoCal ASAT Home Page

April 12,
2008

(12:00-1:30 pm, Pacific)

 The Space Show
(radio broadcast)

(Host:  Dr. David M. Livingston)

Drs. Albert A. Harrison and Jim Pass were joined by Tom Gangale for an appearance as guests on a special episode of The Space Show.  The major topic slated for the show included a review of the Contact 2008 conference that occurred the previous week and expanded upon other issues with relevance to astrosociology.

Everyone interested in astrosociology, or the study of space exploration and related issues from a social science perspective, should find the discussion interesting.  You can still listen to this episode by going to The Space Show website and locating the correct link in the archives.  Alternatively, you can listen to the show by going to the Virtual Library page and clicking on the headphones icon in the "Multimedia Resources" section (under "Appearances on The Space Show").

Go to the site:

The Space Show

April
04-06,
2008

CONTACT 2008

NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA

The Contact Conference was back once again at Ames Research Center in 2008 after a one-year hiatus.  It was a fun conference!

The program committee approved a 90-minute astrosociology panel centered around the work of Dr. Albert A. Harrison and Brent Sherwood concerning the future of space architecture -- a departure from the status quo... The presentation title was recently changed to the following:  "Professionals, Passengers, and Settlers:  New Communities in Space."

A one-hour panel discussion that incorporated audience comments and questions followed after Dr. Harrison's presentation.  Panelists included:
       Dr. Albert A. Harrison,
       Dr. Marilyn Dudley-Flores (moderator),
       Dr. Jim Pass,
       Thomas Gangale,
       Dr. Seth Shostak, and:
       Dr. Margaret Race.


Go to the site:

Contact Conference (2008)

April
10-13,
2008

Pacific Sociological Association (PSA) Conference

Portland, OR

An astrosociology session is approved for this year's PSA conference.  Our session for this year is called Astrosociology:  Replicating Human Societies in Space, and focuses on the concept of "space societies" (i.e., space settlements or colonies).

Astrosociology.com wishes to thank Gregory Morales for presenting the material for the panelists during this year's sessions.


It was an invited session (closed).

Go to the site:

PSA Home Page

Go to the site:

PSA 2008 Meeting Page

Go to the site:

PSA Session Invitation Page

February
10-14,
2008

Space Technology &
Applications Interna-
tional Forum (STAIF)

Albuquerque, NM

A paper by Jim Pass was presented for a space exploration session at the 2008 STAIF conference.  Entitled Astrosociology and Space Exploration:  Taking Advantage of the 'Other' Branch of Science, this paper argues that the success of future space exploration will depend on a formal collaboration between the two branches of science.

Go to the site:

STAIF 2008 Home Page

View the Program:

Final Program

January
7-10,
2008

46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit (ASM)

Reno, NV

The AIAA Astrosociology Working Group (AWG) secured an astrosociology session at the ASM conference in 2008 for the first time.  The revised title of the paper presented by Jim Pass was entitled Space Medicine:  Medical Astrosociology in the Sickbay.  This paper introduced the new specialization of "medical astrosociology."

Abstract Deadline:  June 1, 2007 (closed).

Go to the site:

ASM 2007 Page

November 16-17,
2007

California Sociological
Association (CSA) Conference


Berkeley, CA

Our proposed session, Astrosociology and the Relevance of Outer Space to Social Life was approved by the program committee.

We put together a very good panel this year (see link to the right for details).

Go to the site:

CSA 2007 Conference Home Page

View the Paper List:

Astrosociology Session

September
18-20,
2007

Space 2007 Conference and Exposition (AIAA)

Long Beach, CA

The Astrosociology Working Group (AWG), under the auspices of the AIAA Society and Space Technology Technical Committee, was granted an allocation of three sessions for this conference for a total of twelve papers.

Papers will be available on the Virtual Library page on they become available.

Go to the site:

Space 2007 Home Page

View the Paper List:

Astrosociology Sessions

August
11-14.
2007

102nd Annual American Sociological Association (ASA) Meeting

New York, NY

No astrosociology sessions or papers were accepted for this ASA meeting.

We sent a few advocates who stressed the need to accept and pursue astrosociology at the national level.  Supporters must continue explaining to colleagues why astrosociology is relevant and significant for the twenty-first century!

We will try again for an special astrosociology session for next year in Chicago.

Go to the site:

ASA 2007 Meeting Home Page

June
03-08,
2007

Rutgers Symposium on Lunar Settlements

New Brunswick, NJ

The conference organizers expressed a strong interest in a presentation focusing on astrosociology as it relates to settlements on the Moon.  

Unfortunately, an astrosociology presence was not possible this year as supporters of astrosociology living in the eastern portion of the country could not participate.  Several interesting speakers were featured in the program.  (See their website by clicking on the link to the right).

Go to the site:

Symposium Home Page

May
25-28,
2007

National Space Society (NSS) International Space Development Conference
(ISDC 2007).

Dallas, TX

This year, we were able to secure an astrosociology session! The session went well and potential news for next year is on the horizon!  Members and supports will receive news when, or if, it comes to fruition.

Not a supporter or member?  Join us today by going this site's Supporter/Membership page.  The navigation button appears on the top of each major page (see above, for example).

Go to the site:

ISDC 2007 Website

Post Abstracts/Papers :

Astrosociology Track

May
22-24,
2007

The Aerospace Technology Working Group (ATWG) Forum

Dallas, TX

The ATWG will provide us with some time to talk about astrosociology, including a short presentation.  This meeting took place in conjunction with the ISDC conference.

Go to the site:

ATWG Home Page

View Forum Page:

2007 Forum Page

May
20-24,
2007

[announcement]

The 16th IAA Humans in Space Symposium

Beijing, China

The theme for this conference was From Dream to Reality:  Living, Working and Creating for Humans in Space.

We hope for a presence in the future by one or more supporters of Astrosociology.com at this conference and more generally on the international scene.  The growing field of astrosociology has much to contribute to the implications of humans in space.

Go to the site:

16th Humans in Space Symposium

May 5,
2007

The 4th Annual AIAA Southern California Aerospace Systems & Technology Conf.
(SoCal ASAT)

Santa Ana, CA

Jim Pass made a presentation entitled A Short History of Astrosociology and its Relevance to the Space Community at this conference.

Go to the site:

SoCal ASAT Home Page

March 29-
April 01,
2007

Pacific Sociological Association (PSA) Conference

Oakland, CA

A special session entitled Astrosociology: Boldly Expanding the Traditional Limits of Sociology occurred as scheduled.

One session included a paper addressing the need to bring outer space into social science classrooms (see session 51 on Thursday, March 29).  Two (2) sessions are directly related to astrosociology.  Both took place on Saturday, March 31.  The first session is described in the previous paragraph (see session 162 in the Preliminary Program).  The second session included a short film about the legacy of the Apollo program and a discussion about that topic as well as astrosociological issues in general (see session 184).

Go to the site:

PSA Home Page

View the Preliminary Program:

Prelim. Program Home Page

March
21-23,
2007

[announcement]

Third Asian Space Conference
(ASC 2007)

Singapore

This conference seeks participation from the traditional space science and engineering disciplines, of course, but also from sociology, the other social sciences, and the humanities. A conference organizer asked to include their announcement on this Calendar (see the link to the right), and we are happy to accommodate the request.  Anyone with an interest in space issues as they relate to Asia should submit a paper and/or attend this conference (see the home page link).

Go to the site:

ASC 2007 Home Page;

Read the Announcement:

Conference Announcement

February 27-
March 1, 2007

2nd Space and Society Conference:
Space Options for the 21st Century

Budapest, Hungary

A paper by Jesper Jørgensen and Jim Pass, Astrosociology:  Theory Development and Applied Science for the Future International Spacefaring Community, was presented at this conference.

Go to the site:

ESA Space Society Conference

Additional Information:

eoPortal Directory;

February
11-15,
2007

Space Technology &
Applications Interna-
tional Forum (STAIF)

Albuquerque, NM

The timely theme of this year's conference was:  "Space Renaissance: Inspiring the Next Generation."  Jim Pass presented a paper entitled Moon Bases as Initial "Space Society" Trials:  Utilizing Astrosociology to Make Space Settlements Livable.  The STAIF conference will likely become an annual event for the Astrosociology Working Group (AWG), so try to attend if possible!

Go to the site:

2007 Home Page

View the Program:

Preliminary Program

January 16,
2007

(7:00-8:30 pm)

 The Space Show
(radio broadcast)

(Host:  Dr. David M. Livingston)

Drs. Albert A. Harrison and Jim Pass both appeared as guests on a special episode of The Space Show.  Many topics related to astrosociology received coverage, including Dr. Harrison's specialties of SETI and planetary defense, and his upcoming book STARSTRUCK.  We had a great time!

Everyone interested in astrosociology, or the study of space exploration and related issues from a social science perspective, should find the discussion interesting.  You can still listen to this episode by going to The Space Show website and locating the correct link in the archives.  While there, look for a show with guest Kathleen Connell and another with Dr. Marilyn Dudley-Rowley and Thomas Gangale; these are three very strong supporters of astrosociology.  Beyond that, browse the archives for whatever guests interest you!

Go to the site:

The Space Show


November
10-11,
2006

California Sociological Association (CSA) Conference

Riverside, CA

A session devoted exclusively to astrosociology occurred at the CSA conference for a third year running.  This session's title was Astrosociology and the Californian Dream of Space Exploration.

Go to the site:

CSA Home Page

Read the Bulletin:

Conference Page

October
2-6,
2006

57th International Astronautical Congress (IAC)

Valencia, Spain

A paper by Jim Pass and Jesper Jørgensen, entitled Introduction to Astrosociology:  An Assessment of its Definition, Scope, and Relevance, was accepted for presentation at this conference and part of the conference proceedings.  This conference was sponsored by the International Astronautical Federation (IAF), the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA), and the International Institute of Space Law (IISL).

Go to the org. sites:

IAF Home Page
IAA Home Page
IISL Home Page

Go to conference page:

IAC Conference Page

September
19-21,
2006

Space 2006
(AIAA Conference)

San Jose, CA

A session called The Astrosociology of Space Colonization was added late to the schedule along with four other sessions under the auspices of the Space Colonization Technical Committee.  Jim Pass served as the Chair of the astrosociology session and Marilyn Dudley-Rowley was the Co-Chair.  Jim Pass also presented a second paper concerning planetary defense issues in one of the global defense sessions at Space 2006.


Go to the site:

Space 2006 Website

Go to the site:

Space Colonization
Technical Committee

 

September
20, 2006

Astrosociology Working Group
(AWG)
Inaugural Meeting

Space 2006
(AIAA Conference)

San Jose, CA

This conference also marked the first meeting of the Astrosociology Working Group (AWG).  The meeting took place on Wednesday evening, the 20th of September, from 1900 hours to 2200 hours in room "Willow Glen I."  The meeting went very well -- the working group is now a reality!  Anyone who could not attend in person may request to have his or her name added to our working group mailing list.  (Send request via Contact page).

Note (05/29/08):

The Astrosociology Working Group (AWG) is now sponsored by the AIAA's Society and Aerospace Technology Techn-
cal Committee.

September
19-21,
2006

Societal Impact of Spaceflight Conf.

Washington, D.C.

Unfortunately, this conference took place on exactly the same dates as Space 2006.  It was important to include this in the calendar because this conference mirrors the subject matter of astrosociology.  (Details about a related opportunity regarding astrosociology will appear as a separate item when it occurs -- check back in January 2007).

Go to the site:

NASA History Div. / Conference Page

View the abstracts:

Conference Abstracts

August
11-14,
2006

American Sociological Association (ASA)
101st Annual Meeting

Montreal, Canada

No astrosociology papers this year...

Go to the site:

ASA Home Page

May
16-18,
2006

Commercial Space Forum

NASA Ames Research Center

Jim Pass joined Dr. Marilyn Dudley-Rowley and Thomas Gangale of the think tank OPS-Alaska along with a great many others from private organizations, government, and academia in the collective effort to increase space commercialization.  Participation by the three of us added the astrosociological perspective to the discourse, one that has remained silent for far too long regarding space development issues.  Representatives from the three major backgrounds worked together to produce preliminary guidelines, an effort well worth the time spent.  NASA Research Partnership Centers (RPCs) sponsored this forum along with ACES (see links to the right for details).


View Invitation Letter:

Invitation Letter

Go to the site:

NASA RPCs Home Page

Go to the site:

ACES Home Page
 

May 13,
2006

Southern California Aerospace Systems and Technology Conference (SoCal ASAT)

Santa Ana, CA

A paper by Jim Pass, entitled Astrosociology: The Social Consequences of the Work of Space Engineers, was presented as part of this conference held by the Orange County section of the AIAA in collaboration with the Los Angeles section.  Astrosociology.com served as one of the sponsors.


Go to the site:

AIAA-OC Website

See the flyer:

SoCal ASAT Flyer

The Conf. Schedule:

Schedule of Speakers
 

May
4-7,
2006

National Space Society (NSS) International Space Development Conference
(ISDC 2006).

Los Angeles, CA

The ISDC conferences always include a great many space community "heavyweights" as part of an interesting and diverse lineup of speakers.  This year, astrosociology will be introduced at the ISDC Conference for the first time as  Jim Pass is accepted as a confirmed speaker at the conference.  The paper to be presented is entitled Developing Astrosociology for the Space Sciences, part of the Space Science track.

Go to the site:

ISDC 2006 Website

Go to the site:

ISDC Speaker's Page

April
20-23,
2006

Pacific Sociological Association (PSA) Conference

Universal City, CA
(Hollywood, CA)

A paper by Jim Pass, entitled The Potential of Sociology in the Space Age:  Developing Astrosociology to Fill an Extraordinary Void, was accepted and presented as part of the Sociology of Science and Knowledge session.

Go to the site:

PSA Website

Preliminary Program:

PSA 2006 Program

March
17-19,
2006

CONTACT 2006

NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA

A paper by Jim Pass, entitled The Astrosociological Implications of Astrobiology was presented.  The theme this year was Music of the Spheres, though presentations, as always, reflected a great deal of diversity in terms of speakers' backgrounds and topics.


Go to the site:

Contact Conference

View the program:

2006 Program
 

March
03 & 07,
2006

The Space Show
(radio broadcast)

(Host:  Dr. David M. Livingston)

Jim Pass appeared as a guest on this very informative radio broadcast.  A wide range of interesting astrosociological topics were covered.  Dr. Livingston was very gracious and supportive of our efforts.

You can listen to a recording of this and all past episodes of The Space Show.  MP3 files exist in the Program Archives on the home page of the show's site.  (The link to this particular episode is also found to the right for your convenience).  Space enthusiasts are encouraged to become regular listeners and participants of The Space Show.

Go to the site:

The Space Show


Listen to the show:

The Space Show -- Guest: Jim Pass

February
12-16,
2006

Space Technology &
Applications Interna-
tional Forum (STAIF)

Albuquerque, NM

 
A paper by Jim Pass, entitled The Astrosociology of Space Colonies: Or the Social Construction of Space Societies, was presented as part of the Space Settlements/Colonies session at the 4th Conference on Space Colonization, a part of STAIF 2006.
 

Go to the site:

STAIF Website

View Final Program:

STAIF 2006 Program

January 01,
2006

Editorial Board of Astropolitics Journal

Jim Pass was invited to join the editorial staff of Astropolitics which, for the first time ever, places an astrosociologist on the board of a well-regarded journal.  The invitation was accepted and became effective on the first day of 2006.

Go to the site:

Taylor & Francis Site

November
11-12,
2005

California Sociological
Association (CSA) Conference


Sacramento, CA

Two related sessions devoted exclusively to astrosociology were approved by the CSA for a second year running.  The main session title is Astrosociology:  The Sociology of Outer Space. The second session followed the first in the same room and took place during the lunch hour.

Although a small audience attended the sessions, the presentations were excellent and they generated interesting discussions.

Go to the site:

CSA Home Page

View details of the CSA astrosociology session:

View PDF version of astrosociology session

November
08-11,
2005

[Announcement]

2nd Annual Asian Space Conference
(ASC)

Hanoi, Vietnam

The Asian Space Conference aims to bridge the gap between space (e.g., satellites, technology, and applications) and the social sciences and humanities within the Asian context.  The formal objectives of the ASC unmistakably support the development of astrosociology, and thus your participation is strongly encouraged.

View PDF Version of the ASC announcement:

Open PDF Version of Announcement

October
26,
2005

Astrosociology.com

Astrosociology.com Update No. 4 was sent to all existing members and supporters of Astrosociology.com.

View PDF Version

August
13-16,
2005

American Sociological Association (ASA)
100th Annual Meeting

Philadelphia, PA

Two events related to astrosociology took place at this conference.  First, a paper submitted by Jim Pass was accepted for presentation as one part of the Science, Knowledge, and Technology (SKAT) roundtables.  The title of the accepted paper is Invitation to Astrosociology:  Why the Sociologist-Space Enthusiast Should Consider It.  Second, a two hour long Astrosociology Forum provided hotel space for an open discussion regarding the development of astrosociology.  It was open to supporters and critics alike, and we interacted during a PowerPoint presentation.


Paper available in the Virtual Library (see the button at top of page).


View the ASA program:

ASA 2005 Program Search Page (see bottom of page)
(------>broken link)


View the details here:

Open PDF Version of Additional Details
 

August 08,
2005

The Space Review

The Space Review posted an essay written by Jim Pass entitled Astrosociology and the Space Community.  This online publication is "devoted to in-depth articles, commentary, and reviews regarding all aspects of space exploration..."  Everyone is encouraged to read it on a regular basis.

Go to the site:

The Space Review

June 12,
2005

The Space Show
(radio broadcast)

(Host:  Dr. David M. Livingston)

Jim Pass appeared as a guest on this very informative radio broadcast.  A wide range of interesting astrosociological topics were covered.  Dr. Livingston was very gracious and supportive of our efforts.

You can listen to a recording of this and all past episodes of The Space Show.  MP3 files exist in the Program Archives on the home page of the show's site.  (The link to this particular episode is also found to the right for your convenience).  Space enthusiasts are encouraged to become regular listeners and participants of The Space Show.

Go to the site:

The Space Show


Listen to the show:

The Space Show -- Guest: Jim Pass

April 26,
2005

Institute for the Future (IF) website
(Department of Sociology and Geography at Anne Arundel Community College (AACC))

Steve Steele of the Institute for the Future invited Jim Pass to contribute an article for inclusion in the institute's online e-zine.  It is posted in the applied sociology section.

It responds to the following question:  What is astrosociology and why is it important to the future of space exploration?

Links to AACC Pages:
The article
Department page

Institute for the Future
Q&A Archives

April 15,
2005

Astrosociology.com

Astrosociology.com Update No. 3 was sent to all existing members and supporters of Astrosociology.com.

View PDF Version

March
18-20,
2005

CONTACT 2005 Conference

NASA Ames Research Ctr., Mountain View, CA

Jim Pass presented a paper to a diverse audience consisting of professionals from the space community and from the other social sciences (i.e., non-sociologists).  Attendees also included artists, historians, journalists, science fiction authors, and futures studies scholars with diverse backgrounds.  The paper, see the Virtual Library, is entitled The Sociology of SETI:  An Astrosociological Perspective.

Go to the site:

CONTACT:  Cultures of the Imagination

March
18-20,
2005

Announcement:

First IAA International Conference

Impact of Space on Society:  Economic, Educational, Political and Cultural Aspects

Does this sound familiar?

The IAA held its first conference concerning the impact of space activities on society in Budapest Hungary.

Go to "Impact of Space Activities on Society" Conference Site

March 11, 2005

Astrosociology.com

First posting of this calendar/history page.

(Long overdue!)

March 01,
2005

The Impact of Space Activities Upon Society website

A (perhaps overly optimistic) submission by Jim Pass was posted regarding the theme expressed to the left.  This specific project is sponsored by the International Aeronautic Association (IAA).  You are encouraged to submit your own thoughts!

Go to "The Impact of Space Activities Upon Society" Site

February
01,
2005

Astrosociology.com

A proposal was sent to the appropriate ASA committee regarding initiation of a teaching enhancement project dedicated to the creation of three specifically targeted sets of astrosociological materials:  (1) insertion into existing courses; (2) creation of an Introduction to Astrosociology course; and (3) establishment of an entire astrosociology curriculum for a major in astrosociology.


The ASA committee declined funding of this proposal for 2005
(letter dated 02/28/05).

Please see the Submit Materials page for details regarding the new Astrosociology Curriculum Development Project (ACDP).
 

January
27,
2005

Astrosociology.com

A proposal was submitted to ASA program committee requesting inclusion of a special session dedicated specifically to the new subdiscipline of astrosociology into the 2006 meeting program.  It was tentatively entitled "Astrosociology:  Bringing Sociology into the Space Age."


The ASA decided to reject this proposal
(email dated 02/28/05).

Continue to submit papers focusing on astrosociology to the ASA!
 

January
14,
2005

Astrosociology.com

Astrosociology.com Update No. 2 was sent to all existing members and supporters of Astrosociology.com.

Open PDF Version of Update002

November
21,
2004


(retrieved)

Astrobiology@ NASA site (Ames Research
Center)

This links page includes the first known NASA link to Astrosociology.com.  See the home page for as well for indispensable information regarding astrobiology, including the importance of related societal issues.


Go to the
Related Links Page:

Astrobiology@NASA

Go to Home Page:

Astrobiology@NASA
 

November
10,
2004

Astrosociology.com

Part Two of Inaugural Essay posted to site.

Available on the
Inaugural Essay page:

Go to Top

October
18-20,
2004

California Sociological Association (CSA)
Conference

Riverside, CA

Four papers regarding astrosociology were presented in two sessions.  (See the details by clicking on the button to the right.  The links to each of these papers exist in the Virtual Library.  (Paper entitled The Relevance of Astrosociology in the 21st Century actually refers to Part Two of the Inaugural Essay).

Open PDF Version of CSA Program

August
14-17,
2004

American Sociological Association (ASA)
99th Annual Meeting

San Francisco, CA

Two events took place at this meeting involving astrosociology.  Part One of the Inaugural Essay was discussed as part of (1) an Informal Roundtable session entitled New Ideas in the Sciences and (2) an informal open forum was held entitled Astrosociology:  Establishment of a New Sociological Subfield to discuss general matters related to astrosociology.

(Dr. Jim Pass first met Dr. Marilyn Dudley-Rowley and Thomas E. Gangale at this conference.  Soon after discussing the core issues, they formally pronounced themselves as astrosociologists.  All three presided over these two events).

Both parts of the Inaugural Essay exist on the page with the same name (see button at top of this page).

Go to the site:

2004 ASA Program

October
07,
2004

Astrosociology.com

Astrosociology.com Update No. 1 was sent to all existing members and supporters of astrosociology.

Open PDF Version of Update001

May
13,
2004

Astrosociology.com

Part One of Inaugural Essay posted to site.

Website Astrosociology.com was first uploaded and made available

Available on the
Inaugural Essay page:

Go to Top

July
15,
2003

Astrosociology.com

Website Astrosociology.com was first uploaded and made available on the World Wide Web as a placeholder. Dr. Pass began working on the contents for nearly one year, including determing the initial definition and scope of astrosociology.

On a personal level, this uploading and commitment was an exciting event for Jim Pass!

December
25,
2002

Astrosociology.com

Term astrosociology first discovered (by Jim Pass, site's and field's eventual founder) in web article by Dr. Allen Tough. Dr. Pass immediately purchased the domain called Astrosociology.com.

WOW!!!

Read Dr. Tough's paper:

Open PDF Version

 

 

[beginnng of History section]

 

 

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